Ferrari

Ferrari SpA is the Italian luxury sports car manufacturer based in Maranello. Founded by Enzo Ferrari in 1929, as Scuderia Ferrari, the company sponsored racers and manufactured race cars before moving into production of street-legal vehicles in 1947. Fiat acquired 50% of Ferrari in 1969 and expanded its stake to 90% in 1988 . In May 2012, the 1962 Ferrari 250 GTO became the most expensive car in the world, sold in a private transaction for $ 38,115,000 for communications with the king Craig McCaw. In 2014 Fiat announced its intention to sell part of its stake in Ferrari; as the announcement of Fiat owned 90% of Ferrari.

Throughout its history, the company has recorded a continued participation in racing, especially in Formula One, where it has been a great success. Ferrari road cars are generally seen as a symbol of speed, luxury and wealth.

Ferrari History

Enzo Ferrari initially not interested in the idea of ​​producing road cars when he formed Scuderia Ferrari in 1929, with headquarters in Modena. Scuderia Ferrari (pronounced) literally means "Ferrari Stable", and usually used to mean "Team Ferrari." Ferrari prepared and fielded Alfa Romeo race car for the amateur driver. In 1933 Alfa Romeo interesting in-house racing team and appointed Scuderia Ferrari as the team works. Enzo Ferrari receives the latest specification Monopostos and fielded many famous drivers such as Tazio Nuvolari and Achille Varzi. In 1938 Alfa Romeo brought the racing operation again at home, forming the Alfa Corse in Milano and hire Enzo Ferrari as a new racing department manager. At the same time the Scuderia Ferrari dissolved.

In September 1939, Enzo Ferrari left Alfa Romeo under the stipulation that he not use the Ferrari name in relation to race or race car for at least four years. A few days later he founded Auto Avio Costruzioni, which is headquartered in the old facilities of the Scuderia Ferrari. The new company as if produced machine tools and aircraft accessories. In 1940 Ferrari did in fact produce a racing car - the Tipo 815, based on Fiat platform - the non-competition period. This is the first Ferrari cars and debuted at the 1940 Mille Miglia, but due to World War II it saw little competition. In 1943 the Ferrari factory moved to Maranello, where it remained ever since. The factory was bombed by the Allies in 1944 and rebuilt in 1946, after the war ended, and including works for road car production.
Name of the Scuderia Ferrari racing cars are raised to show the factory and distinguish them from those fielded by customer teams.

166MM Barchetta 212/225
The first Ferrari road car is the 1947 125 S, powered by a 1.5 L V12 engine; Enzo Ferrari reluctantly built and sold cars to fund Scuderia Ferrari.

In 1960 the company was restructured as a public company under the name SEFAC SpA (Società Esercizio Fabbriche Automobili e Corse).

Beginning in 1969, Fiat took a 50% stake in Ferrari. The direct result is an increase in investment funds available, and work began at once on the factory extension is intended to transfer production from the Turin plant Fiat Fiat Dino Ferrari engine. The new models further investments in the range of Ferrari also received a boost.

In 1988, Enzo Ferrari oversee the launch of the Ferrari F40, the last new Ferrari to be launched before his death later that year, and arguably one of the most famous supercars ever made. In 1989 the company changed its name to Ferrari SpA From 2002 to 2004, produced Enzo Ferrari, the fastest model them at the time, which was introduced and named in honor of the company's founder, Enzo Ferrari. It was called the F60, F40 and F50 to continue on, but Ferrari were very happy with it, they called Enzo instead. At first offered to loyal customers and reoccurring, each made 399 (400 minus donated to the Vatican to charity) have a price tag of $ 650,000 each (the equivalent of £ 400,900).
On September 15, 2012, 964 Ferrari cars (worth more than $ 162 million (equivalent to 99.95 million pounds)) attended the Ferrari Driving Day at Silverstone Circuit Silverstone Circuit and paraded throughout the world record.

Former CEO and Chairman of Ferrari, Luca di Montezemolo, resigned from the company after 23 years, and will be replaced by Sergio Marchionne, CEO and Chairman of Fiat Chrysler Automobiles, Ferrari's parent company.

On October 29, 2014, FCA group, the result of a merger between manufacturers Fiat and Chrysler, announced the split of luxury brands, Ferrari. The goal is to transform the Ferrari into an independent brand 10% of the shares will be sold in an IPO in 2015.

Ferrari Motorsport

For a complete list of Ferrari racing cars, see List of Ferrari competition car.

Ferrari 312T2 Formula One car driven by Niki Lauda

Since the beginning of the company, Ferrari has been involved in motorsport, competing in a variety of categories including Formula One and sports car racing with Scuderia Ferrari sporting division as well as providing cars and engines to other teams and for the make-races.

The 1940 AAC 815 was the first racing car designed by Enzo Ferrari, although it was not badged as a Ferrari model.

Scuderia Ferrari

Scuderia Ferrari has participated in several classes of motorsport, although currently only official involved in Formula One. It is the only team to compete in the Formula One World Championship continues since its inception in 1950. José Froilan González gave the team's first F1 victory at the 1951 British Grand Prix.

Scuderia Ferrari driver to win the Formula One title in 2007, with Kimi Raikkonen.
Alberto Ascari gave Ferrari the first Drivers Championship a year later. Ferrari is the oldest team in the championship, and the most successful: the team holds nearly every Formula One record. In 2014, a record 15 teams including the World Drivers Championship titles (1952, 1953, 1956, 1958, 1961, 1964, 1975, 1977, 1979, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004 and 2007) 16 World Constructors Championship titles (1961, 1964, 1975, 1976, 1977, 1979, 1982, 1983, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2007 and 2008), 221 wins Grand Prix, 6736.27 points, 679 podiums, 207 pole positions and 230 The fastest lap in the 890 Grand Prix contested. Of the 19 songs used in 2014, eight have a lap record set by Ferrari F2004, with over 3 sets with Ferrari F2003-GA, Ferrari F2008 and Ferrari F10.

Ferrari drivers include: Tazio Nuvolari, Juan Manuel Fangio, Luigi Chinetti, Alberto Ascari, Wolfgang von Trips, Phil Hill, Olivier Gendebien, Mike Hawthorn, Peter Collins, Giancarlo Baghetti, John Surtees, Lorenzo Bandini, Ludovico Scarfiotti, Jacky Ickx, Mario Andretti , Clay Regazzoni, Niki Lauda, ​​Carlos Reutemann, Jody Scheckter, Gilles Villeneuve, Didier Pironi, Patrick Tambay, René Arnoux, Michele Alboreto, Gerhard Berger, Nigel Mansell, Alain Prost, Jean Alesi, Michael Schumacher, Eddie Irvine, Rubens Barrichello, Felipe Massa, Kimi Raikkonen, Fernando Alonso and Sebastian Vettel.

At the end of the 2006 season, the team courted controversy by continuing to allow Marlboro to sponsor them after they, along with the other F1 teams, made a promise to end sponsorship relating to tobacco producers. A five-year deal was agreed and although this will not end until 2011, in April 2008 Marlboro dropped their on-car brand Ferrari.

Drivers competing for 2009 were Felipe Massa and Kimi Raikkonen. In 2010 Fernando Alonso started racing for Ferrari after racing for Renault, Minardi and McLaren, filling Kimi Räikkönen's former seat.

A 312PB (driven by Jacky Ickx) during the team's last year in the World Sportscar Championship.
Besides Formula One, Ferrari also entered the car in sports car racing, there are two programs in parallel for many years.

In 1949, Luigi Chinetti driving 166 M to Ferrari's first win in motorsports, the 24 Hours of Le Mans. Ferrari continued to dominate the early years of the World Sportscar Championship which was created in 1953, winning the title seven of the first nine years.

When the championship format changed in 1962, Ferrari earned titles in at least one grade each year until 1965 and then again in 1967. Ferrari will win one last title, the World Championship in 1972 Makes before Enzo decided to leave sports car racing after 1973 and allow Scuderia Ferrari to concentrate solely on Formula One.

During the season of Ferrari World Sportscars Championship, they also gained more wins at the 24 Hours of Le Mans, with the factory team earning their first in 1954. Another win would come in 1958, followed by five consecutive wins from 1960 to 1964. Luigi Chinetti in the North American Racing Team (NART) would take the final victory Ferrari at Le Mans in 1965.

Although Scuderia Ferrari no longer participated in sports cars after 1973, they occasionally built various successful sports cars for privateers. This includes 512 BB LM in the 1970s, the 333 SP which won the IMSA GT Championship in the 1990s, and currently 458 GT2 and GT3 are currently winning championships in their respective classes.

Ferrari Car racing for another team

Throughout its history, Ferrari has supplied racing cars to other entrants, apart from the work itself Scuderia Ferrari team.

In the 1950s and 60s, Ferrari supplied Formula One car to a number of private entrants and other teams. One famous example is Tony Vandervell team 's, which ran with Ferrari Special Thinwall changed before building their own Vanwall car. The North American Racing Team entry 's in the last three rounds of the 1969 season is the last chance that a team other than Scuderia Ferrari entered the Grand Prix World Championship with Ferrari.

Ferrari supplied cars complete with V8 engines for the A1 Grand Prix series, from the 2008-09 season. The car was designed by Rory Byrne and laid out like a 2004 Ferrari Formula One car.
Ferrari currently running programs to subscribers GT racing version of the 458 model, and has done so for 458 predecessors, dating back to 355 in the late 1990s. Private teams such as the American Risi Competizione and the Italian AF Corse team has been very successful with the Ferrari GT racer for many years. This car, built for endurance racing sports car that will compete against the racing version of the Audi R8, the McLaren MP4-12C, and the BMW Z4 has proven to be successful, but not as successful as its predecessor, the F430. The Ferrari Challenge is one of the make racing series for the Ferrari 458. The FXX is not road legal, and is therefore only used for track events.

Ferrari Road car

For a complete list, including future models and concept cars, see List of Ferrari road cars.

Ferrari 166 Inter Coupe Touring
The latest models
California T
488 GTB
458 Italia
458 Spider

• Grand tourer
• V8 turbocharged engine
• Conversion
• The sports car
• V8 turbocharged engine
• Coupé
• The sports car
• V8 engine
• Coupé
• The sports car
• V8 engine
• Roadster


458 Speciale
FF
F12berlinetta
LaFerrari

• The sports car
• V8 engine
• Coupé
• Grand tourer
• V12
• Shooting-brake
• Grand tourer
• V12
• Coupé
• The sports car
• V12 + hydrocarbons KERS
• Coupé


Ferrari's first vehicle was the 125 S sports / racing models. In 1949, Ferrari 166 Inter, the first step of the company to market a great tour, which continues to make the most of the sales Ferrari until now.
Several early cars featured bodywork customized by a number of coachbuilders such as Pininfarina, Zagato and Bertone.

Dino was the first mid-engined Ferrari. This layout would go on to be used in most Ferraris of the 1980s and 1990s. V8 Ferrari models make up more than half of the total production of the marque.
For a time, Ferrari built 2 + 2 version of the mid-engined V8 cars. Although they look very different from counterparts 2-seat them, both the GT4 and Mondial were closely related to the 308 GTB.
The company has also produced front-engined 2 + 2 cars, culminating in the current California.
Ferrari entered the mid-engined 12-cylinder fray with the Berlinetta Boxer in 1973. The later Testarossa remains one of the most famous Ferrari.
Supercars

Ferrari Enzo
The most noble efforts the company has been in the supercar market. The 1962 250 GTO may be considered the first in the line of Ferrari supercars, which extends to the recently LaFerrari Model.
Concept cars and specials

Ferrari P4 / 5

Ferrari has produced a number of concept cars, like the Ferrari Mythos. While some of them quite radical (such as the Ferrari Modulo) and never intended for production, others such as the Ferrari Mythos have shown styling elements which were later incorporated into production models.
Latest concept car that will be produced by Ferrari itself is a 2010 Ferrari Millechili.
A number of one-off special versions of Ferrari road cars have also been produced, for coachbuilders commissioned by wealthy owners. Recent examples include the Ferrari P4 / 5 by Pininfarina and the Ferrari 612 Kappa.

Ferrari Special Projects

Special Projects program was launched in the 2000s as the ultimate personalized service Ferrari at home, allowing the customer to have a bespoke-bodied one-off by a modern road car Ferrari. Engineering and design is done by Ferrari, sometimes in collaboration with external design houses like Pininfarina or Fioravanti, and receive full homologation vehicle into the street legal. The first car will be completed in this program is the 2008 Ferrari SP1, commissioned by a Japanese business executive, the second is the P540 Superfast Aperta, commissioned by an American collector.
This is a list of Special Projects cars that have been made public:

Ferrari SP1

2008 F430
Junichiro Hiramatsu Design by Leonardo Fioravanti.

Ferrari P540 Superfast Aperta

2009 599 GTB
Edward Walson Inspired by the same open-topped gold painted and one-off built by Carrozzeria Fantuzzi on the Ferrari 330 LMB chassis.

Ferrari Superamerica 45

 2011 599 GTB
Peter Kalikow
Targa spinning top; design by Pininfarina

Ferrari SP12 EC

 2012 458 Italia
Eric Clapton
Designed by the Centro Stile Ferrari and Pininfarina, the Ferrari 512 BB hommaging.

Ferrari SP Arya 2013 599 GTO

Cheerag Arya
FFX Ferrari FF
Shin Okamoto Design by Pininfarina

Ferrari F12 TRS

2014 F12berlinetta
Barchetta body, inspired by the Ferrari 250 Testa Rossa. Designed by the Centro Stile Ferrari.
Ferrari SP America
2014 F12berlinetta

Bio-fuel cars and hybrids

Ferrari has considered making hybrids; for example, F430 Spider that runs on ethanol is shown at the 2008 Detroit Auto Show. Ferrari has announced that the hybrid will be in production in 2015. At the 2010 Geneva Motor Show, Ferrari launched a hybrid version of their flagship 599 Also in mid-2014 "LaFerrari" put into production, this rival "Porsche 918" and that "McLaren P1", which are both Hybrid Suprecars. Called the "HY-KERS Concept", the Ferrari hybrid system adds more than 100 horsepower on top of the 599 Fiorano is 612 HP.





Article Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Ferrari

Ferrari

Ferrari - The Can-Am Experience

Ferrari. A name that is synonymous with winning. Over 50 years of racing heritage; a heritage which includes several Formula One titles, as well as overall victories in Sports Car Racing at some of the most difficult race circuits known to exist. Tracks like Spa, the Nurburgring, and the great French classic held every year at Le Mans. Nearly every challenge the Prancing Horse of Maranello has undertaken in the last 60 years has resulted in victory. One series however was not intimidated by Italy's best. That series was the Can-Am Challenge, held between 1966 and 1974 in North America. The Can-Am, as it would become known, was perhaps the most exciting road racing series the planet has ever seen. Governed by the Sports Car Club of America, the series was run in accordance to the FIA's Group 7 rules for Sports Racing Cars. Group 7 rules were rather unlimited in many ways, which led manufacturers of all levels to run free with creativity and build some of the most technically advanced cars of their time.

In 1966, the Can Am's first actual season, the European factories had little interest in a series that only lasted from September to November and was comprised of just six events. Most of the entrants were independent teams. Teams like McLaren and Surtees, both headed by Formula 1 Champions that saw the Can Am as an opportunity to build their reputations as manufacturers. Ferrari already possessed a championship winning reputation. However, a young Mexican driver by the name of Pedro Rodriguez would fire Ferrari's first shot in what would soon become the hottest road racing series on the planet.

Bridgehampton, New York was the second round of the inaugural Can Am Series. The 2.85 mile course located in eastern Long Island would be the first time that a Ferrari would race in a Can Am event. Pedro Rodriguez was entered in a Dino 206S Coupe that September weekend. The young Mexican driver was able to achieve 22nd position on a grid filled with open-top sports racers powered by thundering American small block V-8s. The race would result in the little Ferrari not finishing due to the loss of a wheel. Rodriguez would appear again at Laguna Seca with the Dino, this time with a 18th place overall to show for his effort.

By early 1967, the Can Am was already being viewed as a fabulous series by many of the top names in North American road racing. The series caught the attention of Luigi Chinetti, the man at the helm of N.A.R.T. (North American Race Team), Ferrari's factory-backed team of choice in the United States. Chinetti would send one of N.A.R.T.'s P3/4 prototypes back to Maranello early in 1967 for modification to run in that year's Can Am Series. While at the factory, the P3/4 would receive several modifications to assist it in moving from Group 6 to Group 7 rules. The car was lowered and lightened, though the headlamps were retained. Provisions for a boot and spare wheel were eliminated, as there were no need for such luxuries in Can Am racing. The P3/4 also received a strengthened roll bar.

Ferrari's would be absent at the opening race held at Elkhart Lake, Wisconsin in 1967. Though Chinetti and the N.A.R.T. team would arrive for the season's second race at Bridgehampton. Lodovico Scarfiotti was selected to drive the P3/4 that September weekend and he achieved a grid position of 16th place. Scarfiotti, a Formula 1 veteran, would go on to drive the P3/4 to a 7th place finish in the race.

Scarfiotti would again pilot the P3/4 a week later at Mosport, one of the fastest tracks the Can Am Series raced at. The N.A.R.T. P3/4 would start from the 12th position on the grid. The weekend would result in a DNF for the Ferrari due to a crash.

The fourth race of the 1967 Can Am season was to see the most powerful sports cars in the world visit the beautiful Laguna Seca Raceway on the coast of Central California. This race would mark the appearance of two new Ferrari Can Am cars in the form of P4s. Now equipped with full glass-fibre bodies, a huge rear spoiler, and a larger 4.2 litre engine, it looked like there was a serious effort brewing from Italy's top name in racing. Chris Amon and John Williams were recruited to perform the driving duties. Amon, being the seasoned driver he was, performed well at Laguna Seca driving the number 23 Ferrari P4 from 16th on the grid to a 5th place finish. Williams also scored well on the weekend by completing 99 laps and capturing 8th place. Two weeks later, at Southern California's incredible Riverside Raceway, the Amon and Williams duo would again attempt to bring victory home for Maranello. This time the results were not as promising as Laguna Seca, with Amon finishing 3 laps down in 8th place and Williams crashing out. The final Can Am event of 1967 was held at Las Vegas. A dusty track in the Nevada desert, Vegas was known for wreaking havoc with both racers and their machines. Amon would put the P4 in 13th place on the grid, while Williams scored the grids 18th spot. Williams race was short, as a stone was ingested on lap 1, locking the throttle and leading to the retirement of the number 27 Ferrari. Amon would wind up with a DNF as well due to a crash. Despite mid-pack qualification times, the P4s proved capable of obtaining podium results.

The 1968 season would be a pivotal one for Ferrari. Pedro Rodriguez would once again take the wheel of a Ferrari at Bridgehampton. Gridding the P4 in 11th position, Rodriguez would have an off course excursion early in the race leading to a DNF in a race which saw heavy attrition. Ferrari was going through a battle with the FIA over rule changes made during the off season. As a result, Ferrari did not enter any sports car races as a factory effort in 1968, except one; the Stardust Grand Prix of Las Vegas. The car was the all-new Ferrari 612P, chassis number 0866. Bill Harrah, Ferrari's west coast importer, supplied the funding and the factory assisted the operation with total technical support. Mauro Forghieri was the man largely behind the design of Ferrari's first, true Can Am competitor.

The first generation 612P utilized a trellis frame which was reinforced with riveted and bonded sheet metal. The body was of total glass fibre construction, while the suspension was independent at all four corners. The 612P used a wing mounted just rear of the cockpit. The wing incorporated 2 flaps that were hydraulically operated by a pedal in the cockpit to assist the car in braking. A nose mounted air brake was also incorporated to work in conjunction with the flaps via the pedal. This system of hydraulically actuated flaps proved complex and was not friendly to the over all weight of the car, which tipped the scales at nearly 1700lbs. The real center-piece of the 612P was the engine. At a 6,222cc displacement, it was the largest engine ever constructed by Maranello up to that point in time. The engine was a dual over-head cam design using 48 valves and sporting a 10.5:1 compression ratio. Lucas indirect fuel injection was used to supply the mighty 12 cylinder with fuel, and a dry sump oiling system made sure that all the vital components were supplied with the proper amount of oil. The 612P used a 4 speed gearbox which helped the car put its 620 horsepower to the rear wheels.

Many thought that the rumor of such a large Ferrari was just that, a rumor. The factory sighted the delay of the 612P's debut on the German head gasket manufacturer which was having problems producing the proper gaskets for the largest V-12 to date. Once this was overcome, testing began at Modena where it was hoped the car would break the 50 second barrier. This did not occur, however the 612P did achieve a 50.8 second lap at Modena, enough to satisfy the team and prepare for the race at Las Vegas.

The Ferrari's debut at Las Vegas was nothing short of spectacular. At nearly seven feet wide, and with it's 6.2 litre V-12 producing a raw mechanical sound like nothing else in the field, the 612P was hard to miss to say the least. The factory took this effort very seriously, appointing Franco Gozzi as team manager, Mauro Forghieri as race engineer, and Giulio Borsari to the chief engineering position. Three mechanics were also sent to accompany the car. Chris Amon was appointed the driving duties at Stardust, were he was able to obtain 9th position on the grid with a lap time of 1:32.2. Unfortunately, the weekend would end dismally, for the 612P would suffer clogged injectors leading to a DNF for its debut race.

The Ferrari 612P would reappear in 1969 to do battle in the Can Am, however the Ferrari effort was headed by Kiwi driver Chris Amon with Maranello playing a support role. The first appearance would be at the Watkins Glen Can Am race held in mid-July. Gone were the complex hydraulically-actuated high wing and nose-mounted speed brake. This, along with all new body work, allowed the car to shed some weight. The chassis and engine were the same as the 1968 Las Vegas race, but the weight loss enabled Chris Amon to qualify 3rd, just behind the McLaren M8Bs of Bruce McLaren and Denny Hulme. With such a high qualifying position, it looked to be a promising race for what would become known as the second-generation 612P. Amon remained competitive throughout the race remaining within striking distance of the two bright orange McLarens. The final result would be a 3rd place finish for the Ferrari; but more importantly, a shot in the arm to the Can Am Series which was beginning to suffer from Team McLaren's domination.

Chris Amon would again deliver a spectacular show with the 612P at the following race in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. The car was fitted with a new 6.2 litre engine for this event. This proved exciting as the engine is claimed to be why the Ferrari's gearbox broke during practice, but nonetheless, Amon would once again occupy third position on the grid behind the brilliant McLarens of Bruce and Denny. Shortly following the green flag, Amon was able to pass Bruce McLaren's M8B to snatch second position. This started a battle unlike that which the McLaren cars had ever seen. Amon and McLaren would swap second place for several more laps until the M8B's Chevy engine gave out. This left second position to the Ferrari, which it would retain for the remainder of the race.

Amon would continue his streak of podium finishes with the big red Ferrari at Mid Ohio. Despite a poor qualifying result of 12th place, Amon managed to bring the Ferrari up through the pack to finish third, one lap behind the McLarens. Elkhart Lake was the next race, and the Ferrari 612P arrived with a major new aerodynamic wing mounted on struts above the rear of the car. Bracing was used to support the wing struts off the car's roll bar. Amon and the Ferrari would start the race from seventh position, but a faulty fuel pump would lead to an early end for the New Zealand driver and the 612P. Bridgehampton would deliver similar results for Ferrari, as Amon gridded the car in P3, his race would once again be cut short due to a broken oil pump shaft. Pedro Rodriguez would save the prancing horse's reputation at Bridgehampton with his 312P endurance racer. Pedro qualified 11th and drove the 312P to a fifth place finish, some 4 laps down from the leader. Amon would take the big Ferrari to the races at Michigan and Laguna Seca, but engine problems would result in the car not taking to the grid at these two events.




Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/?expert=Will_Silk

Mercedes-Benz

Mercedes-Benz is a German automobile manufacturer, a multinational division of the German manufacturer Daimler AG. Brand used for luxury cars, buses, coaches, and trucks. Mercedes-Benz headquarters in Stuttgart, Baden-Württemberg, Germany.
The name first appeared in 1926 under Daimler-Benz, but traces its origins to Daimler-Motoren-Gesellschaft's 1901 Mercedes and Karl Benz's 1886 Benz Patent Motorwagen, widely regarded as the first gasoline-powered car. Mercedes-Benz slogan is "Das Beste oder nichts" (English: "The best or not"). Mercedes-Benz is part of the "German Big 3" luxury cars, along with Audi and BMW, which is the best-selling luxury car in the world.

Mercedes-Benz History

Karl Benz. Benz made the 1886 Benz Patent-Motorwagen, widely regarded as the first car.

Gottlieb Daimler, founder of Daimler-Motoren-Gesellschaft.
Mercedes-Benz traces its origins to Karl Benz 'creation of the first gasoline-powered car, the Benz Patent Motorwagen, financed by Bertha Benz and patented in January 1886, and Gottlieb Daimler and engineer Wilhelm Maybach's conversion of a stop with the addition of engine gasoline that year. The Mercedes automobile was first marketed in 1901 by Daimler-Motoren-Gesellschaft. The first Mercedes-Benz brand vehicles produced in 1926, after the merger the company Karl Benz and Gottlieb Daimler became the company Daimler-Benz. Throughout 1930, Mercedes-Benz produces the Model 770, a popular car during the German Nazi period. Adolf Hitler is known to have driven a car during his time in power, with a bulletproof windshield. Most of the models that are still alive have been sold at auction to a private buyer. One is currently on display at the War Museum in Ottawa, Ontario. Mercedes-Benz has introduced many technological and safety innovations that later became common in other vehicles. Mercedes-Benz is one of the most famous automotive brands and established in the world, and also one of the oldest automotive brand in the world still existing in 2015, having produced the first gasoline-powered car.
For information related to the famous three-pointed star, look under the heading of Daimler-Motoren-Gesellschaft including merger into Daimler-Benz.

Mercedes-Benz Children and alliances

As part of the company Daimler AG, Mercedes-Benz Cars division including Mercedes-Benz and Smart car production. Mercedes-AMG
Mercedes-AMG became a majority owned division of Mercedes-Benz in 1999. The company was integrated into DaimlerChrysler in 1999, and became Mercedes-Benz AMG beginning on January 1, 1999.

McLaren Group

Mercedes-Benz Motorsport

Mercedes-AMG is the official engine supplier for the F1 team's second oldest and most successful to win the Grand Prix, McLaren Racing 1995-2014. In 2013 it was announced that after last year's contract with McLaren Mercedes, Mercedes will be dropped and replaced by Honda, with whom McLaren has won the world championship in the past together.

Mercedes-Benz Car road Manufacturing

From 2003 to 2009, Mercedes is in a joint venture with the McLaren Group to produce the Mercedes-Benz SLR McLaren. At this time, Mercedes owned 40% of the McLaren Group. Because the Mercedes buy Brawn GP, ​​F1 teams, Mercedes decided to sell their shares back to Ron Dennis, McLaren would like their rivals in the F1 championship.

Mercedes-Benz Maybach

Daimler's ultra-luxury brand Maybach under the Mercedes-Benz car division until 2013, when production was stopped because of poor sales volume. Now there under the name Mercedes-Maybach, with models of ultra-luxury version of the Mercedes, like 2016 Mercedes-Maybach S600.

Mercedes-Benz Production

Factory

In addition to the vehicle native Germany, Mercedes-Benz is also manufactured or assembled in:

Sovereign Country Continent Notes
Argentina
South America
Manufactures buses, trucks and the Sprinter van. This is the first Mercedes-Benz plant outside Germany. Built in 1951.
Austria
Europe

G-Class

Bosnia and Herzegovina
Europe

Brazil
South America produces trucks and buses. Was founded in 1956. The A-Class (W168) was produced from 1999 to 2005 and the C-Class production to 2010 as well.
Canada
North America

Chinese
Asia

Egypt
Africa
Via Egyptian German Automotive Company E-Class, C-Class and GLK

Finland
European New A-series (W176) manufactured in Uusikaupunki since late 2013, became the first passenger car MB ever built in the country
Hungary]
Europe
Jordan
Asia Bus mill company, Elba House, Amman.
India
Asia Bangalore (R & D). Pune (passenger cars). Chennai (Daimler India Commercial Vehicles Pvt Ltd.) - Truck & Machinery Manufacturing units.

Indonesia
Asia / Australia

Iran
Asia Not since 2010
Malaysia
Asia Panel C, E and S class vehicles by DRB-HICOM.

Mexico
Mercedes-Benz North America Mexico fully produce some Mercedes and Daimler vehicles built entirely from locally section (C-Class, E-Class, M-Class, International Truck, Axor, Atego and Mercedes Bus), producing other models in complete knock down kit (CL-Class, CLK-Class, SL-Class, SLK-Class), and produces a number of select models in knockdown kits half that uses components of both imported and locally sourced Mexican component (S-Class, CLS-Class, R-Class , GL-Class, Sprinter).
Nigeria
African Council of buses, trucks, electric motors and the Sprinter van
Philippines
Asia
Russia
Eurasia
The joint venture Mercedes-Benz Trucks Vostok in Naberezhnye Chelny (together Kamaz). Available in truck Actros, Axor, multi-purpose auto four-wheel drive Unimog trucks medium. Classic Mercedes-Benz Sprinter also manufactured in Russia.
Spain
European factory in Vitoria-Gasteiz Mercedes-Benz Vito, Viano and V-Class has been built there.
South Africa
Africa
South Korea
Asia Mercedes-Benz Musso and MB100 models manufactured by SsangYong Motor Company.

Thailand
Asia Panel C, E and S class vehicles by the Thonburi Group
Turkey
Eurasia Mercedes-Benz Türk A.Ş.
English
Europe The SLR sports car is built at the McLaren Technology Centre in Woking. Brackley, Northamptonshire, is home to Mercedes GP factory, and Brixworth, Northamptonshire is the location of Mercedes-Benz HighPerformanceEngines

USA
North American Mercedes-Benz M-Class Sport Utility and the full-sized GL-Class luxury Sport Utility Vehicle are all built in the Mercedes-Benz US International production facility near Tuscaloosa, Alabama. Trucks (6,000 per year in the late seventies) ever assembled in Hampton, VA.

Vietnam
Asia Assembly E-Class, C-Class, S-Class, GLK-Class and the Sprinter. Was established in 1995.

Mercedes-Benz Quality ratings

Since its inception, Mercedes-Benz has maintained its reputation for quality and durability. Objective measures see passenger vehicles, such as JD Power surveys, demonstrated a decrease in reputation in this criteria in the late 1990s and early 2000s. In mid-2005, Mercedes temporarily returned to the industry average for initial quality, the size of the problem after the first 90 days of ownership, according to JD Power. In the JD Power Initial Quality Study for the first quarter of 2007, Mercedes showed dramatic improvement by climbing from 25th to 5th place and received several awards for its models. For 2008, Mercedes-Benz initial quality rating improved by yet another mark, to fourth place. On top of this award, also received the Platinum Plant Quality Award for Mercedes' Sindelfingen, Germany assembly plant. JD Power 2011 US Initial Quality and Vehicle Dependability Study both Mercedes-Benz vehicles ranked above average in build quality and reliability. In 2011 the British JD Power survey, Mercedes rated above average. A 2014 study for Reuters iSeeCars.com find Mercedes has the lowest level of vehicle recall.

Mercedes-Benz Model

Mercedes-Benz A-Class (compact)
Mercedes-Benz C-Class (D-segment)
Mercedes-Benz CLS-Class (4-door coupé)
Mercedes-Benz E-Class (executive cars)

Mercedes W210 Taxi-Version
Mercedes-Benz S-Class (luxury sedan)
Mercedes-Benz SL-Class (Grand Tourer)

Mercedes-Benz SLS AMG Black Series (supercar)
Mercedes-Benz M-Class (luxury SUV)
Various models of the moment
Mercedes-Benz offers a wide range of passenger, commercial and heavy commercial equipment light. Vehicles manufactured in several countries around the world. The Smart marque of city cars are also manufactured by Daimler AG.

• A-Class - Hatchback
• B-Class - Multi Purpose Vehicle (MPV)
• C-Class - Saloon, Estate and Coupé
• CLA-Class - 4 door Coupé
• CLS-Class - 4 door Coupé and Estate
• E-Class - Saloon, Estate, Coupé and Cabriolet
• G-Class - Sport Utility Vehicle (SUV)
• GL-Class - Large Sports Utility Vehicle (SUV)
• GLA-Class - Compact Sports Utility Vehicle (SUV) / Crossover
• GLK-Class - Sport Utility Vehicle (SUV)
• GLE-Class - Sport Utility Vehicle (SUV)
• M-Class - Sport Utility Vehicle (SUV)
• S-Class - Luxury Saloon
• SL-Class - Grand Tourer
• SLK-Class - Roadster
• V-Class - Multi Purpose Vehicle (MPV) / Van
• AMG GT - Sports car / supercar
Vans

Mercedes-Benz Sprinter is used as a police bus
Mercedes-Benz manufactures a wide range of vans, Citan (a rebadged version of the Renault Kangoo), Vito and Sprinter.

 

Mercedes-Benz Truck

Mercedes-Benz Zetros is used for snowplowing

Unimog, a famous allround vehicle with Mercedes-Benz
Now Mercedes-Benz Trucks is part of the Daimler Trucks division, and includes companies that are part of the DaimlerChrysler merger. Gottlieb Daimler sold the world's first truck in 1886. The first factory was built outside Germany after World War II was in Argentina. It was originally built trucks, many of which modified independently to buses, popularly named Colectivo. Today, it builds buses, trucks and the Sprinter van.

Mercedes-Benz Buses

Mercedes-Benz manufactures a wide range of buses and coaches, especially to Europe and Asia. The first model produced by Karl Benz in 1895.
Significant models produced
• 1928: SSK racing cars
• 1930: 770 "Großer Mercedes" state and ceremonial cars
• 1934: 500 K
•: 1936 first diesel production car in the world 260 D
• 1936: 170
• 1938: W195 Speed ​​Record-breaker
• 1939: 320A A military vehicle
• 1951: 300, known as the "Adenauer Mercedes"
• 1953: "Ponton" model
• 1954: 300SL "Gullwing"
• 1956: 190SL
• 1959: "Fintail" model
• 1960: 220SE Cabriolet
• 1963: 600 "Grand Mercedes"
• 1963: 230SL "Pagoda"
• 1965: S-Class
• 1966: 300SEL 6.3
• 1968: W114 "new generation" compact car
• 1969: C111 experimental vehicle
• 1972: W107 350SL
• 1974: 450SEL 6.9
• 1977: W123 - Mercedes' first station wagon
• 1978: 300SD - Mercedes' first turbo diesel
• 1979: 500SEL and G-Class
• 1983: 190E 2.3 to 16
• 1989: 300SL, 500SL
• 1990: 500E
• 1991: 600SEL
• 1993: C-Class
• 1995: C43 AMG
• 1995: SL73 AMG, the 7.3 V12
• 1996: SLK
• 1997: the A-Class and M-Class
• 2004: SLR McLaren and CLS-Class
• 2007: E320 BlueTEC, GL320 BlueTEC, ML320 BlueTEC, R320 BlueTEC
• 2010: SLS AMG
• 2013: CLA-Class
The Mercedes-Benz 600 Pullman Guard limousine or 600S offers a choice of armor-plating and has been used by diplomats around the world.

Mercedes-Benz Cars nomenclature

Until 1994, Mercedes-Benz uses an alphanumeric system for categorizing their vehicles, which consist of a sequence of numbers roughly equal to the engine displacement in liters multiplied by 100, followed by an alphabetical suffix indicating the composition of body styles and engine types.
• "C" indicates the cabriolet or coupe body style (eg, CL and CLK models, although the C-Class is an exception, as it is also offered as a sedan).
• "D" indicates the vehicle is equipped with a diesel engine.
• "E" (for "Einspritzung") shows the gasoline engine vehicles equipped with fuel injection. In most cases (of which 600 limousines and Mercedes E-Class being the exception), otherwise the "E" or "D" is present, the vehicle has a gasoline engine with a carburetor.
• "G" was originally used to Gelandewagen off-road vehicles, but now applied to the Mercedes SUV in general (eg, GLA and GLK).
• "K" is used in the 1930s, shows the supercharger ("Kompressor") equipped engines. One exception is the SSK, where K indicates "Kurz" (short-wheelbase).
• "L" indicates "Leicht" (lightweight) for a sports model, and "Lang" (long wheelbase) for the sedan models.
• "R" indicates "Rennen" (racing), used for racing cars (eg, 300SLR).
• "S" Sonderklasse "special class" for a flagship model, including the S-Class and SL-Class, SLR McLaren and SLS sportscars.
• "T" indicates "Touring" and the real (or station wagon) body style.

Some models in 1950 also had a small letter (b, c, and d) to indicate a certain trim levels. For other models, the numerical part of the designation does not correspond to the engine displacement. This is done to show the position of the model in the model range of independent displacement or in the price matrix. For these vehicles, the actual displacement in liters is suffixed with the model designation. The exception is the 190 class with a numerical designation "190" to indicate the entry level in the model along with the label displacement on the right side of the boot (190E 2.3 to 2.3-liter 4-cylinder gasoline engine 190D 2.5 to 2.5-liter 5-cylinder diesel motors , etc). Some older models (such as the SS and SSK) did not have a number as part of the appointment altogether.
For the 1994 model year, Mercedes-Benz revised the naming system. The model is divided into "classes" is represented by the setting up of three letters (see "various models now" above), followed by three digits (or two-digit for AMG models, with approximately the same amount of displacement in liters multiplied by 10) numbers associated with engine displacements as before. Variants of the same model as the real version or vehicles with diesel engines are no longer given a separate letter. SLR, SLS and GT supercar does not carry a numerical designation.

Nowadays, many numerical designations no longer reflect the actual displacement engine, but more than the performance and marketing relative position. Although the two-liter engine displacement, at A45 AMG powerplant produces 355 brake horsepower so that a higher designation to show greater performance. Another example is the E250 CGI has greater performance than the E200 CGI because of different engine tuning though both have a 1.8-liter engine. From a marketing perspective, the E200 seems to be more "upscale" than E180. AMG model recently used "63" designation (to honor the 1960 6.3-liter M100 engine) despite well-equipped 6.2-liter (M156) or 5.5-liter (M157) engine.

Some models carry the designation further demonstrates special features:

• "4MATIC" indicates the vehicle is equipped with all-wheel-drive.
• "Bluetec" indicates a diesel engine with selective catalytic reduction exhaust aftertreatment.
• "BlueEFFICIENCY" show special features fuel economy (direct injection, start-stop system, aerodynamic modifications, etc.)
• "CGI" (Charged Gasoline Injection) indicates gasoline direct injection.
• "CDI" (Common-rail Direct Injection) shows the common-rail diesel.
• "Hybrid" show petrol- or diesel-electric hybrid.
• "NGT" indicates natural gas fueled engines.
• "Kompressor" shows the supercharged engine.
• "Turbo" indicates turbocharged engine, only used on the A-, B-, E and GLK-Class models.
• "AMG Line" shows the interior or engine, depending on the car, has been equipped with their AMG luxury sports cars

The model designation badges can be deleted at the request of customers.

2015 and beyond
Rationalization of the model nomenclature announced in November 2014 a future model. Consolidate many confusing nomenclature changes and their placement in a variety of models such as the CL-Class is now called the S-Class Coupé. Naming structure is divided into four categories: core, off-road vehicle / SUV, 4-door coupé and roadster. G-Class, V-Class, and Mercedes-AMG GT is not affected by the change.
Off-Road Vehicles core / SUV 4-door Coupé Roadster
GLA class CLA
B-Class
C-Class GLC
(Previous GLK) SLC
(Previous SLK)
E-Class GLE
(Previous ML)
S-Class GLS
(Previous GL) CLS SL
Note: CLA is positioned between the A- and B-Class models, while the CLS sits between the E- and S-Class.
In addition to the revised nomenclature, Mercedes-Benz has a new nomenclature for the system drive.
New Flow Example
Natural Gas drive c for "compressed natural gas" B 200 c
BlueTEC
CDI d for "diesel" E 350 d
GLA 200 d
PLUG-IN HYBRID **
E electric drive for "electricity" S 500 E
B 250 E
Fuel Cell f for "fuel cell" B 200 f
HYBRID
BlueTEC HYBRID h for the "hybrid" S 400 h
E 300 h
4MATIC 4MATIC E 400 4MATIC
Notes environment
Mercedes-Benz has developed a multi-car concept with alternative propulsion, such as hybrid-electric, fully electric, and fuel cell powertrains. At the 2007 Frankfurt motor show, Mercedes-Benz showed seven hybrid models, including the F700 concept car, powered by a hybrid-electric drivetrain featuring DiesOtto engine In 2009, Mercedes-Benz displayed three BlueZero concept at the North American International Auto Show. Each car has a different powertrain - the electric battery, fuel cell electric and gasoline-electric hybrid. In the same year, Mercedes also showed concept Vision S500 PHEV with 19 miles (31 km) all-electric range and CO 2 emissions of 74 g / km in the New European Driving Cycle.

Since 2002, Mercedes-Benz has developed the F-Cell fuel cell vehicle. The current version, based on the B-Class, has a range of 250 miles and is available for rent, with volume production scheduled to begin in 2014. Mercedes has also announced the SLS AMG E-Cell, fully electric version of the SLS sports car, with deliveries expected in 2013. The Mercedes-Benz S400 BlueHYBRID launched in 2009, and was the first production automotive hybrid in the world to use lithium-ion batteries. In mid-2010, production began on the Vito E-Cell all-electric van. Mercedes expects 100 vehicles that will be produced in late 2010 and further in 2000 by the end of 2011.

fleet of small electric cars in two to three years. Mercedes-Benz and Smart are preparing for a broad uptake of electric vehicles (EV) in the United Kingdom by starting the installation of charging points in their dealer network. So far 20 Elektrobay charging units, manufactured in the UK by Brighton-based Elektromotive, have been installed at seven locations as part of a pilot project, and further expansion of the initiative is planned later in 2010
In the US, Mercedes-Benz assessed a record US $ 30.66 million fine for their decision not to meet the average federal fuel economy standard company in 2009. Some of Mercedes-Benz cars, including the S550, and all AMG models sold in the United States, also face an additional gas guzzler tax. However, the new AMG model is equipped with a M157 machine will not be a gas-guzzler tax, due to the increase in fuel economy, and newer models are supported by the M276 and M278 engine will have fuel economy better. In 2008, Mercedes also had the worst CO2 average of all the major European manufacturers, ranking 14th out of 14 manufacturers. Mercedes was also the worst manufacturer in 2007 and 2006 in terms of average CO 2 levels, with 181 g and 188 g of CO 2 emitted per km, respectively.

Mercedes-Benz Bicycle

Mercedes-Benz Accessories GmbH introduced three new bikes in 2005, and has been developed to include a wide range of patent pending Foldingbike in 2007. Other models, including the Mercedes-Benz Carbon Bike, Trekking Bike, Fitness Bike and Bicycle Trailblazer.
Motorsport

A DMG Mercedes Simplex 1906 Deutsches Museum
The two companies that merged to form Mercedes-Benz brand in 1926 had both already enjoyed success in the new sport of motor racing throughout the history of each. A single Benz competed in the first race in the world of motorcycles, 1894 Paris-Rouen, where Émile Roger finished 14 within 10 hours 1 minute. Throughout its long history, the company has been involved in various motorsport activities, including sports car racing and rallying. On several occasions Mercedes-Benz has withdrawn completely from motorsport for a significant period of time, especially in the late 1930s, and after the 1955 Le Mans disaster, where a Mercedes-Benz 300 SLR crashed into another car (An Austin Healey-), took off to tribune, and killed more than 80 spectators. Stirling Moss and co-driver Denis Jenkinson made history by winning the 1955 Mille Miglia road race in Italy during the record-breaking drive with an average speed of nearly 98 mph in a Mercedes-Benz 300 SLR. Although there was some activity in the years, it was not until 1987 that Mercedes-Benz returned to front line competition, returning to Le Mans, Deutsche Tourenwagen Meisterschaft (DTM), and Formula One with Sauber. The 1990s saw Mercedes-Benz purchase British engine builder Ilmor (now Mercedes-Benz High Performance Engines), and campaign IndyCars under USAC / CART rules, eventually winning the 1994 Indianapolis 500 and 1994 CART IndyCar World Series Championship with Al Unser, Jr. behind the wheel. The 1990s also saw the return of Mercedes-Benz to GT racing, and Mercedes-Benz CLK GTR, both of which took the company to new heights by dominating the FIA ​​GT1 class.

Mercedes-Benz is currently active in three forms of motorsport, Formula Three, DTM and Formula One.

Article Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercedes-Benz

Bugatti

Ettore Bugatti car is a French car manufacturer of high performance automobiles, was founded in 1909 in the city then Germany Molsheim, Alsace by Italian -born Ettore Bugatti. Bugatti cars are known for the beauty of their designs (Ettore Bugatti comes from a family of artists and considered himself to be an artist and constructor) and for the many victories of their race. Type 35 Bugattis including the famous Grand Prix car, the Type 41 "Royale", the Type 57 "Atlantic" and the Type 55 sports car.

Ettore Bugatti's death in 1947 proved to be the end for the marque, and the death of his son Jean Bugatti in 1939 certainly no substitute for a lead factory. No more than about 8,000 cars were made. The company struggled financially, and released one last model in 1950, before finally purchased for aircraft parts business in the 1960s. In the 1990s, an Italian businessman was revived as a builder of limited production exclusive sports cars. Today, the name is owned by the German automobile manufacturing group Volkswagen.

Under Ettore Bugatti

Founder Ettore Bugatti was born in Milan, Italy, and the car company that bears his name was founded in 1909 in Molsheim located in the Alsace region which is part of the German Empire from 1871 to 1919. The company is well known for the level of detail engineering in the car, and for how artistic where the design was executed, given the artistic nature of Ettore family (his father, Carlo Bugatti (1856-1940), was an important Art Nouveau furniture and jewelry designer).

World War I and its aftermath

During the war Ettore Bugatti sent away, first to Milan and then to Paris, but once hostilities have concluded he returned to his factory in Molsheim. Less than four months after the Versailles Treaty formalized the transfer of Alsace from Germany to France, Bugatti is able to obtain, at the last minute, standing at 15 Paris Motor Show in October 1919. He exhibited three cars lighter, everything is based closely on the pre-war equivalent to them, and each equipped with the same overhead camshaft four-cylinder 1,368cc engine with four valves per cylinder. The smallest of the three is the "Type 13" by the racing body (built by Bugatti himself) and use a chassis with 2,000 mm (78.7 in) wheelbase. The other is a "Type 22" and "Type 23" with wheelbases of 2,250 and 2,400 mm (88.6 and 94.5 in) respectively.

Racing success

The company also enjoyed great success in early Grand Prix motor racing: in 1929 entered the private Bugatti won the first Grand Prix of Monaco. Racing success culminated with driver Jean-Pierre Wimille winning the 24 hours of Le Mans twice (in 1937 with Robert Benoist and 1939 with Pierre Veyron).

Bugatti cars were extremely successful in racing. Little Bugatti Type 10 swept the first four positions in the race. 1924 Bugatti Type 35 is probably the most successful racing cars of all time, with more than 2,000 victories. Bugattis swept to victory in the Targa Florio for five consecutive years from 1925 to 1929. Louis Chiron held the most podiums in Bugatti cars, and marque modern revival of Bugatti Automobiles SAS was named 1999 Bugatti 18/3 Chiron concept car in his honor. But the success of the last race at Le Mans the most remembered-Jean-Pierre Wimille and Pierre Veyron won the 1939 race with just one car and little resources.

Aeroplane racing

In 1930, Ettore Bugatti was involved in the creation of an air racer, hoping to beat Germany in the Deutsch de la Meurthe prize. It will be the Bugatti 100P, which never flew. It was designed by Belgian engineer Louis de Monge already applied engines Bugatti Brescia in "Type 7.5" lifting body.

Railcar

Ettore Bugatti also designed a successful motorized railcar, Autorail (Autorail Bugatti).
A family tragedy
Ettore Bugatti's son's death, Jean Bugatti, on August 11, 1939 marks a turning point in the company's fortunes. Jean died while testing the Type 57 tank-bodied race car near the Molsheim factory.

After World War II

World War II left the Molsheim factory in ruins and the company loses control of the property. During the war, Bugatti planned a new factory at Levallois, a suburb northwest of Paris. After the war, Bugatti designed and planned to build a series of new cars, including the car Type 73 and Type 73C single-seat racing car, but in all Bugatti Type 73 was built only five cars.
375 cc supercharged car development was stopped when Ettore Bugatti died on August 21, 1947. After the death of Ettore Bugatti, the business declined further and make his final appearance as a business in its own right at the Paris Motor Show in October 1952.
After a long decline, the original incarnation of the Bugatti ceased operations in 1952.

Design

Bugattis which was focused on the design. engine block hand scraped to ensure that the surface is so flat that gaskets are not required for sealing, a lot of exposed surface of featured guilloche engine compartment (engine start) completed on them, and a security cable was threaded through almost every fastener in intricate patterns are mixed. Instead bolt springs to the axle because most manufacturers do, Bugatti forged axle so the spring passed though the opening carefully sized in the axle, which is much more elegant solution requires fewer parts. He describes the famous arch competitors Bentley car's as "the world's fastest trucks" for focusing on durability. According to Bugatti, "the weight is the enemy".

The most important models built

Prototypes Road Car Racing Car

• 1900-1901 Type 2
• 1903 Type 5
• 1908 Type 10 "Petit Pur Sang"
• 1925 Type 36
• 1929-1930 Type 45/47
• Type 56 (electric cars)
• 1939 Type 64 (coupe)
• 1943/1947 Type 73C
• 1910-1914 Type 13/15 Type / 17/22
• 1912 Type 16 "Bebe"
• 1922-1926 Type 29 "Cigare"
• 1923 Type 32 "Tank"
• 1924-1930 Type 35 / 35A / 35B / 35T / 35C / 37/39 "Grand Prix"
• 1927-1930 Type 52 (electric racer for kids)
• 1936-1939 Type 57g "Tank"
• 1937-1939 Type 50B
• 1931-1936 Type 53
• 1931-1936 Type 51 / 51A / 54GP / 59
• 1955-1956 Type 251
• 1910 Type 13
• 1912-1914 Type 18
• 1913-1914 Type 23 / Brescia Tourer (roadster)
• 1922-1934 Type 30/38/40/43/44/49 (touring car)
• 1927-1933 Type 41 "Royale"
• 1929-1939 Type 46/50 / 50T (touring car)
• 1932-1935 Type 55 (roadster)
• 1934-1940 Type 57 / 57S / Type 57SC (touring car)
• 1951-1956 Type 101 (coupe)
• 1957-1962 Type 252 (2-seater sports convertible)
Gallery
•
1913 Bugatti 22, 3 seats Vinet
•
1938 Type 57SC Atlantic from the Ralph Lauren collection
•
1933 Type 59 Grand Prix racer from the Ralph Lauren collection
Victory Racing
Year Race Car Driver
Voiturettes 1921 Grand Prix Ernest Friderich
1925 Targa Florio
Bartolomeo Costantini
Type 35

1926 Grand Prix of France
Jules Goux
Type 39 A

1926 Grand Prix of Italy
Louis Charavel
1926 Grand Prix of Spain
Bartolomeo Costantini
1926 Targa Florio Bartolomeo Costantini type 35 T
1927 Grand Prix of Italy
Tazio Nuvolari
Type 35C
1927 Targa Florio Emilio Materassi
Type 35C
1928 French Grand Prix William Grover-Williams
Type 35C
Grand Prix of Italy Louis Chiron

Spanish Grand Prix Louis Chiron
Targa Florio Albert Divo
Type 35 B
1929 French Grand Prix William Grover-Williams Type 35 B
Grand Prix of Germany
Louis Chiron
Spanish Grand Prix Louis Chiron
Monaco Grand Prix
William Grover-Williams Type 35 B
Targa Florio Albert Divo Type 35C
1930 Belgian Grand Prix
Louis Chiron
Grand Prix of Czechoslovakia
Heinrich-Joachim von Morgen and Hermann zu Leiningen
Grand Prix of France Philippe Étancelin
Type 35C
Monaco Grand Prix René Dreyfus

1931 Belgian Grand Prix William Grover-Williams and Caberto Conelli

Grand Prix of Czechoslovakia Louis Chiron
Grand Prix of France Louis Chiron and Achille Varzi
Type 51

Monaco Grand Prix Louis Chiron
1932 Grand Prix of Czechoslovakia Louis Chiron
1933 Grand Prix of Czechoslovakia Louis Chiron
Monaco Grand Prix Achille Varzi
1934 Belgian Grand Prix René Dreyfus

1936 Grand Prix of France Jean-Pierre Wimille and Raymond Sommer
Type 57 G

1937 24 hours of Le Mans
Jean-Pierre Wimille and Robert Benoist
Type 57 G
1939 24 hours of Le Mans Jean-Pierre Wimille and Pierre Veyron
Type 57 C
1956 Formula One
(Key)
Year Chassis Engine (s) Ban Driver 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Points WCC
1956
Bugatti Type 251
Bugatti Straight-8
D
ARG
MON
500
BEL
FRA
GBR
GER
I TA
0 * - *
Maurice Trintignant
Wet
* World Championship Constructors' not given prior to 1958.
An important finding in the modern era
Relatives of Dr. Harold Carr found the rare 1937 Bugatti Type 57S Atalante when cataloging items doctor after his death in 2009. Dr. Carr Type 57S is important because it was originally owned by British race car driver Earl Howe. Since many automobile original equipment intact, can be restored without relying on replacement parts.

On July 10, 2009, 1925 Bugatti Type 22 Brescia that lie at the bottom of Lake Maggiore on the border of Switzerland and Italy for 75 years was recovered from the lake. The Mullin Museum in Oxnard, California bought it at auction for $ 351,343 at Bonham's Retromobile sale in Paris in 2010.

Revival effort

The Company seeks comeback under Roland Bugatti in the mid-1950s to the mid-engined Type 251 race car. Designed with the help of Gioacchino Colombo, the car failed to perform to expectations and the company's efforts in the production of the car is stopped.

In 1960, Virgil Exner designed a Bugatti as part of the "Revival Cars" project. A version of the show car is actually built by Ghia using the last Bugatti Type 101 chassis, and is displayed in the 1965 Turin Motor Show. Finance will not come, and Exner then turned his attention to the revival of Stutz.
Bugatti continues to manufacture aircraft parts and sold to Hispano-Suiza, also a former auto maker turned aircraft supplier, in 1963. Snecma took over Hispano-Suiza in 1968. After obtaining Messier, Messier joined Snecma and Messier-Bugatti to Bugatti in 1977 ,

Modern revival

Bugatti Automobili SpA 1987-1995

Bugatti EB110 (1996)

Italian businessman Romano Artioli acquired the Bugatti brand in 1987, and established Bugatti Automobili SpA. Giampaolo Benedini Bugatti commissioned architects to design a factory built in Campogalliano, Italy.

In 1989 plans for the new Bugatti revival were presented by Paolo Stanzani and Marcello Gandini, the designer of the Lamborghini Miura and Lamborghini Countach. Bugatti called their first production vehicle that Bugatti EB110 GT. Bugatti EB110 sports cars advertised as the most technically advanced ever produced.

Famous race car designer Mauro Forghieri Bugatti served as technical director from 1992 to 1994.
On August 27, 1993 through its investment company, ACBN Holdings SA of Luxembourg, Romano Artioli bought Lotus Cars from General Motors. Bugatti made plans to list the company's shares on international stock exchanges.

Bugatti presented a large sedan called the EB112 prototype in 1993.

Perhaps the owner of the most famous Bugatti EB110 is a seven-time Formula One World Champion driver Michael Schumacher who purchased EB110 in 1994. Schumacher sold EB110, which had been repaired after a severe accident in 1994, to Modena Motorsport, Ferrari service and race preparation garage in Germany.

At the time EB110 came to market, North American and European economy in recession. Poor economic conditions force companies to fail and cease operations in September 1995. A special model for the US market called the "Bugatti America" ​​was at the stage of preparation when the company ceased operations.

Liquidator Bugatti sold Lotus Cars for Proton from Malaysia. The German company Dauer Racing bought EB110 license and remaining stock of parts in 1997 to produce five vehicle EB110 SS. The fifth version of the EB110 SS was very refined by Dauer. The Campogalliano plant was sold to a furniture-making firm, which then collapsed before moving on, leaving the building empty. After Dauer stopped producing cars in 2011, Toscana-Motors GmbH of Germany to buy shares remaining part of Dauer.

Bugatti Automobiles SAS 1998-present

Bugatti Veyron 16.4

Volkswagen AG acquired the Bugatti brand in 1998.

Bugatti Automobiles SAS was assigned Giorgetto Giugiaro of Italdesign to produce the first Bugatti vehicle concept, EB118, a coupé that made its debut at the 1998 Paris Auto Show. EB118 concept featuring 408- kilowatts (555 PS; 547 bhp), W-18 engine. After the debut of Paris, the EB118 concept shown again in 1999 at the Geneva Auto Show and the Tokyo Motor Show.

Bugatti introduced the next concept, the EB 218 at the 1999 Geneva Motor Show and 18/3 Chiron at the 1999 Frankfurt Motor Show (IAA).

Bugatti Automobiles SAS began to assemble vehicles first regular-production, Bugatti Veyron 16.4 (1001 BHP supercar with the W-16 8-liter engine with four turbochargers) in September 2005 on the Bugatti Molsheim, France assembly "studio". On February 23, 2015, last sold Bugatti Veyron Grand Sport Vitesse, named La Finale.

Article Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bugatti

Bugatti

Can You Afford to Own a Bugatti Veyron? Probably Not!

I remember my first look at the awesome Bugatti Veyron. It was on an episode of Top gear where Jeremy Clarkson drove the beast of a machine from Italy to the UK in a race against his co-hosts, Richard Hammond and James May who were doing the same route in a small passenger plane. After watching that episode and hearing all about the car, I thought to myself: "That would be an awesome car to own!" For this reason I own many Bugatti Veyron... Pics! It turns out however, that even if you can afford the enormous Bugatti Veyron price tag of the car, chances are you won't be able to afford to maintain it.

A recent comparison was done between the maintenance costs of a Bugatti compared to a small private jet. The results may surprise you:

If you manage to find a car dealer in your vicinity that actually has a Bugatti for sale, you could expect to pay about $2,128,230 for the car. Once you have plucked up the courage to pay for the car, you need to be prepared to pay for the service plan which will set you back about $20,000 a year. $20,000 for an annual service is almost 8 times the amount it would cost you to service a Ferrari Enzo. OUCH! The Bugatti uses tailor made tires which manufacturers advise you replace every 2500 miles. Replacing the tyres will set you back about $10 000 - EACH! That's $40 000 per set of tyres. The manufactures of the Bugatti Veyron (who clearly think money grows on trees) also advise that you replace the cars wheels every fourth tyre change to ensure optimal performance and safety. Not a problem, I'm all for safety. However, when wheels cost $60 000 to replace then I think I'd rather just take my chances with the ones I already have.

So now, if you take into account all of the above costs and add in the costs for insurance (I shudder at the thought) and fuel, your annual costs for owning this beast of a machine start to near the $300,000 mark. That is a lot of money.

Perhaps, you have a car dealer nearby and feel you can afford the above costs for the Bugatti Veyron because you like to travel in style. This is why we've compared it to costs for a private jet, I mean, what's more comfortable than travelling in a private jet?

I don't want to go in to too much detail about the costs of owning a private jet, but what I can tell you is that it will cost you about $200 000 a year for a medium sized private jet. This includes all maintenance costs, catering costs as well as paying someone to fly the thing. Value for money springs to mind in this instance.



Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/?expert=Dave_Ackermann

2004 Bugatti Veyron EB 16.4 Overview

The Bugatti Veyron requires no introduction; it's known for having 1,001 horsepower. It's the world's fastest production car at 268 MPH, a title that the McLaren F1 held from 1998 to 2005. It's known for 0 to 60 MPH acceleration in 2.6 seconds. And it's known for the most expensive price tag of $1.7 million USD. The Bugatti Veyron is the most recognized supercar in the world, among the likes of the Ferrari Enzo, Pagani Zonda, Lamborghini Murcielago, Ford GT40, and the McLaren F1; but does top speed and over 4-digit horsepower equate into a great supercar?

The Veyron has been around since 2005. It's been tested by BBC's acclaimed Top Gear program and bought by oil sheiks from around the world. It's made other automotive manufactures scratch their heads for years and has spawned dozens of "wanna-be" manufacturers who seek to topple the 1,001 horsepower Veyron. For instance, the SSC Ultimate Aero, built by Shelby SuperCars, challenged the Veyron's top speed by beating the original Veyron's record of 253.81 MPH in 2005 by 2.37 MPH. The SSC Ultimate Aero set a new record of 256.18 MPH in 2007. Three years later, in 2010, the Bugatti Veyron Super Sport once again took the record with a speed 11.676 MPH faster than the SSC Ultimate Aero, topping off at a cool 267.856 MPH as the world's fastest production car.

An 8.0-liter W16 quad turbocharged engine yields an output of 1,001 horsepower for the Veyron. The car nomenclature, the Bugatti Veyron 16.4, indicates a 16 cylinder engine with 4 turbochargers. Impressive output for an 8.0-liter engine considering the Bugatti's engine is smaller than a Dodge Viper's, yet yields nearly double the power. Putting 1,001 horses to the ground is certainly a challenge, so Bugatti decided to implement a permanent four wheel drive system paired to a dual-clutch 7 speed automatic transmission that allows for shifts in under 150 milliseconds, faster than Chuck Norris' punches.

The tires for the Bugatti are specially manufactured by Michelin and can only be changed in France for a recession competitive price of $70,000. That doesn't even include the cost of the specially designed Michelin tires that cost $25,000 for the set.

The size and complexity of the engine requires a significant amount of cooling to make sure that the car does not overheat. It takes 10 radiators to keep the car cool, 3 engine radiators, 3 air-to-liquid intercoolers, 1 for the air condition, 1 for the transmission oil, 1 for the differential oil and 1 for the engine oil. The engine configuration also leads to a fairly impressive, yet relatively unimportant fact that the EPA MPG rating for the Veyron is a mere 8 MPG in the city and 13 MPG on the highway and a whooping 3 MPG when driving at top speed.

Due to the large 8.0-liter W16 and the four-wheel drive system, the Veyron weighs 1,888 kg (4,162 lbs), considerably light considering its size and configuration. The Veyron weights just 7% more than a Chevrolet Camaro (3,860 lbs) and 16% more than a Mercedes-Benz SLS (3,600 lbs). Nonetheless, the weight doesn't stop the Bugatti from accelerating from 0 to 60 MPH in 2.6, something that a lightweight, 2,954 lb (1,340 kg) Gallardo LP-570-4 Supperleggera does in only 3.3 seconds.

Despite impressive figures no matter where you look, the Bugatti does lack the flair that a Lamborghini offers, or the finesse of an Aston Martin. The car design is just plain boring. A well-rounded watermelon that can do 260 MPH is impressive on paper, but the engine compartment just looks like a few round tubes and the front end looks like an overweight whale. The design is even further put into question considering the nearly dozen variants of the car that exist, from an all chrome Veyron, to the Bleu Centenaire, a matte blue that Bugatti created to celebrate their 100th anniversary.

Design goofs or not, the Bugatti is still an extremely popular car, with all the original 300 Veyrons sold as of September 2011, there really is no disputing that the car is highly desirable. The only other option from this point is to upgrade to the $2.7 million, 1,184 horsepower Bugatti Veyron Super Sport, or convert to the more luxurious and just barely more tame Bugatti Galibier.



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Mazda, History, efforts SkyActiv Environment, Technology, Motorsport
History

 

The History of Mazda

Mazda Motor Corporation is a Japanese car manufacturer that operates in various automotive markets around the world. Mazda is based in the Fuchu Aki district in Hiroshima, Japan. The majority of their vehicles are produced and assembled in their Japan based plants. They are then distributed worldwide to places where Mazda operates. Aside from the vehicles produced in Japan, Mazda also operates several assembly plants throughout the globe. Every unit produced in these facilities is distributed directly to their respective markets for sale.

Mazda during its earliest foundation and the Second World War

Mazda's earliest roots are traced back to the year 1920, when its founder Jujiro Matsuda and a small group of investors acquired a small company called, Toyo Cork Kogyo. Toyo Cork Kogyo manufactured machine tools for domestic sales. In 1927, the company changed its name into Toyo Kogyo Co. Ltd. Slowly, but surely, Toyo Kogyo's operation gradually shifted from producing machine tools to the production of vehicles.

The shift in production resulted to the introduction of a three-wheeled truck, called the Mazda-Go in 1931. Aside from producing this vehicle, Toyo Kogyo was also involved in the manufacturing of military weapons used by the Japanese military. These weapons were used in the Second World War, particularly the Type 99 rifle series 30 to 35.

Mazda after the Second World War

After the Second World War, Mazda continued producing vehicles under the name Toyo Kogyo. But, this was subsequently changed to "Mazda" in 1984. According to the company's website, this name was derived from "Ahura Mazda", a Persian-Zoroastrianism God. However, most automotive historians also believe that the company's name was derived from its founder "Jujiro Matsuda." These claims still remain unverified, even up till today. Another question that goes unanswered, is why most of the company's earliest vehicles carried the name "Mazda", even-though the change of name was not yet implemented during those times.

Mazda's popularity started to grow in 1960 when the company introduced its first real car, which was the Mazda R360. The Mazda R360 was a 4-seat, 2-door coupe, powered by a rear mounted air-cooled 356 cc V-twin engine. This engine was mated to either a 4-speed manual transmission or a 2-speed automatic transmission. That engine was capable of producing a maximum power output of up to 16 horsepower and 16 lb.-ft. of torque. The engine was capable of producing a top speed of about 52mph.

Aside from producing vehicles, Mazda's operation also involved the development of the Wankel rotary engine. The company's focus on developing this engine was basically triggered by Mazda's desire to use this technology as a means of differentiating itself from other Japanese car manufacturers. Mazda's efforts and resources used in developing the rotary engine eventually gained positive results. The company started selling the newly-developed engine in 1962. Five years later, Mazda released the limited edition Cosmo Sport. This 1967 sport was powered by Mazda's rotary engine. This type of engine was also used in the current RX-8 engine. These events titled Mazda as the sole car manufacturer engaged in the production of the Wankel engines.

Mazda's development and use of the rotary engine in the R100 and the RX Series increased the company's exports a great deal. The increase in exports was eventually followed by Mazda's expansion in other areas of the world. In 1968 Mazda started its formal operations in Canada. Two years after, Mazda began its operations in the American market and became very successful. As a result of its success in America, Mazda produced the Mazda Rotary Pickup, which was offered for North American buyers only.

The success of Mazda in the American and world markets, brought about by the growing demands for the rotary engine, suffered a major setback in 1973 when the "oil crisis" occurred. Fortunately, the company did not fully abandon the production of vehicles equipped with piston-powered engines. These vehicles saved Mazda complete collapse. As a result, the 4-cylinder powered models, such as the Mazda Familia and the Mazda Capella series, became very important during those times.

Despite the decline in demand for vehicles with rotary engines, Mazda was able to find a way to use them in some of their models. Instead of installing the rotary engine, Mazda has used them in sports cars. The Mazda RX-7 became the first recipient of this strategy in 1978, and was followed by the modern version RX-8. The company had also focused its attention in developing small and lightweight sports cars with powerful piston-powered engine. Mazda's efforts to develop this type of sports car resulted in the production of the Mazda Roadster or popularly known as the Miata, in 1989. The Mazda Roadster was then given credit for reviving the existence of small sports cars, which started to decline in the later parts of the `70s.

Mazda-Ford Partnership

Mazda Motor Corporation developed a partnership with Ford Motor Company when Mazda experienced financial turmoil in the 1960s. Ford became a willing investor and the American car manufacturer earned a 7% financial stake in 1979, which had then increased to 27% during the `80s. Since Mazda had been suffering from financial difficulties, Ford continued to acquire some of the company's stakes, and in 1996 Ford was able to gain 33.4% of Mazda's financial stakes. These stakes, however, were sold by Ford in 2008, when the American car manufacturer was struck by the negative effects of the world financial crisis. As a result, Ford reduced its involvement with Mazda's operation, which eventually allowed the Japanese car maker to handle its own affairs and engage the global automobile market with the utmost independence.

Aside from acquiring Mazda's financial stakes, Ford was also involved in several projects with its newly established partner. Most of these projects were focused on the development of smaller cars and pickups. Aside from this, Mazda had also shared some of its resources with Ford. The Mazda Familia shared its platform with several Ford models, such as the Escort and the Laser. Mazda Capella's architecture was also used in Ford's Probe sports model and the Telstar sedan.

In addition to this, Mazda had also helped Ford develop some of its own vehicles, including the Ford Explorer in 1991. In fact, Mazda also sold a similar vehicle called the Mazda Navajo, but its sales became a failure. As a result, the Japanese car maker decided to discontinue sales of the Navajo. Mazda had also used the Ford Ranger as a base for its B-Series trucks. These trucks were sold in the North American market from 1994 to 2010. Due to poor sales, Mazda decided to discontinue the production of the B-Series as-well.

Mazda and Ford's partnership started to weaken when the Japanese car maker was headed by several presidents, such as Henry Wallace in 1996, James Miller in 1997, and Mark Field, who was a Ford executive, in 1999. Under Field's leadership, Mazda had started expanding its product line-up and marked the start of Mazda's independence from Ford. The global economic crisis further weakened the alliance between the two companies and Ford then sold its part of the stakes on Mazda. In November 2010, Ford's financial stake on Mazda was reduced to merely 3%, and this allowed Mazda to pursue its own interests and enhance its growth in the emerging markets. The partnership between the two companies is currently confined to several joint ventures and some technological information exchange.


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 The Tale of the Mazda Protege

Also known as the Mazda Familia in Japan, the Mazda Protege has gone through various forms and various names. Like in South Africa, this vehicle is known as the Mazda etude. In truth, the Mazda Protege, the Mazda GLC, and the Mazda 323 is just one vehicle. They are one and the same. Changes had only been made to its name and of course, there were little furnishings here and there. However, for most, all these point to one vehicle which is the Mazda Protege. These Mazda Protege vehicles are built in Japan. However, the assembly is done on various countries which include Taiwan, Malaysia, South Africa, Colombia, and in New Zealand.

The Mazda Protege is a subcompact car that is produced by the Mazda Motor Corporation which has its headquarters in Hiroshima, Japan. This vehicle, has been introduced to the United States. To actually tackle information about the Mazda Protege per se, it would be quite a difficult task for there are areas which overlap each other. The name Mazda Protege actually was used starting from 2004. Come the year 2004, use of this name was stopped and was later on replaced by the Mazda 3 which was actually a Ford based vehicle line. That might be the fact behind the Mazda 3, however, Mazda still did give some contributions to this.

Because the Mazda Protege was built in Japan, it was actually sold much more expensive than its competitors which were the Toyota Corolla and the Honda Civic. And since its introduction, it became a favorite among US car magazines. This was due to the Mazda Protege's reputation for bearing, delivering, and providing a spirited handling. This vehicle was the very first small Japanese car to cross over to the EPA "compact" class. Later on, the Mazda Protege became the basis of other vehicles like the Ford Laser and the Ford Meteor which were actually marketed in Asia, and Australia, and also the For Escort which was also marketed in the United States and the rest of North America.

The Mazda Protege was also known to boast of a European-inspired styling. Aside from having a spirited handling, the Mazda Protege also holds a very comfortable interior, a smooth driving experience as well as grandiose features. It was made available in three trim levels which comprised of the ES, the LX, and the DX. The ES came equipped with a 1.8 liter engine with four cylinders. It was capable of providing 122 horsepower, and the trim level also held bigger front disc brakes and quality standard equipments. As per the other two trim levels, the LX and the DX, both were powered by the very same 1.6 liter engine with four cylinders. It was very much capable of creating an output of 105 units of horsepower. For all three trim levels, made standard was a five speed manual transmission system and given as an option was a four speed automatic transmission system. Other features for this vehicle include the anti lock braking system, side impact air bags, rear drum brakes and all disc brakes.

No matter what, the Mazda Protege sure has been able to perform and to deliver. And to assist Mazda and the Mazda Protege in continually providing and doing what is expected of them, Mazda Parts and Mazda Auto Parts takes care of this amazing vehicle. They have a wide array of Mazda parts like Mazda Portege parts to pamper and maintain your precious Mazda vehicle.



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Mazda began as the Toyo Cork Kogyo Co., Ltd., founded in Hiroshima, Japan in 1920. Toyo Cork Kogyo own name to Toyo Kogyo Co., Ltd. in 1927. In the late 1920s the company had to be rescued from bankruptcy by Hiroshima Saving Bank and leader Other businesses in Hiroshima.
In 1931 Toyo Kogyo moved from manufacturing machine tools to vehicles with the introduction of the Mazda-Go autorickshaw. Toyo Kogyo produced weapons for the Japanese military throughout the Second World War, notably the series 30 through 35 Type 99 rifle. The company formally adopted the Mazda name in 1984, though every automobile sold from the beginning bore that name. The Mazda R360 was introduced in 1960, followed by the Mazda Carol in 1962.

Mazda Cosmo Sport

Started in 1960, Mazda was inspired by the NSU Ro 80, and decided to put a major engineering effort in the development of the Wankel rotary engine as a way to differentiate itself from other Japanese auto companies. The company established a business relationship with the German company NSU, and started with a limited production of Cosmo Sport in 1967 and continues today with the Pro Mazda Championship, Mazda has become the sole manufacturer of Wankel-type engines for the automotive market, especially by means of friction (NSU and Citroën both give in to the design during the 1970s, and efforts to General Motors Corvette prototype never made it to production.)
This effort to bring attention to themselves apparently helped, as Mazda rapidly started exporting vehicles. Both piston-powered and rotary-powered models made their way around the world. Rotary models quickly became popular for their combination of good power and light weight in comparison with competitors piston engined heavier required V6 or V8 engine to produce the same power. The R100 and RX series (RX-2, RX-3, and RX-4) led the company's export efforts.
During 1968, Mazda began official operations in Canada (MazdaCanada) although Mazdas seen in Canada since 1959. In 1970, Mazda formally entered the US market (Mazda North American Operations) and was very successful there, going so far as to create the Mazda Rotary Pickup (based on the conventional piston-powered B-Series model) solely for North American buyers. To this day, Mazda remains the only automaker to have produced a Wankel-powered pickup truck. In addition, it is also the only marque to have ever offered a rotary-powered bus (the Mazda Parkway, offered only in Japan) or station wagon (within the RX-3 line and RX-4 for the US market). After nine years of development, Mazda finally launched a new model in the United States in 1970.
Mazda rotary success continued until the 1973 oil crisis. As American buyers (as well as people in other countries) to quickly switch to vehicles with fuel efficiency better, relatively thirsty powered rotary models began to fall from favor. Combined with the most efficient automaker in Japan (in terms of productivity), inability to adjust to excess inventory and over-reliance on the US market, the company suffered heavy losses in 1975. An already heavily indebted Toyo Kogyo was on the verge of bankruptcy and only Sumitomo keiretsu saved through the intervention group, namely Sumitomo Bank, and the company subcontractors and distributors. Fortunately, the company had not actually turned on the engine piston, as it continues to produce a wide range of four-cylinder models throughout 1970. The smaller Familia lines were particularly important for Mazda sales worldwide after 1973, as did a bit bigger Capella series.

Mazda RX-7 (first generation)

Mazda refocused efforts and make a selection of rotary engines for sports riders than the main powerplant. Starting with the lightweight RX-7 in 1978 and continuing with the modern RX-8, Mazda continued dedication to this unique powerplant. This switch in focus also resulted in the development of another lightweight sports car, piston-powered Mazda Roadster (perhaps better known throughout the world as the MX-5 or Miata), inspired by the concept of 'Jinba Ittai'. Introduced in 1989 and gained recognition around the world, the Roadster has been widely credited with reviving the concept of the small sports car after a decline in the late 1970s.
A partnership with the Ford Motor Company
From 1979 to 2010, Mazda has a partnership with Ford Motor Company, which bought shares 7% in 1979 and in 1996, owned 33.3% of Mazda. Under the administration of Alan Mulally, Ford gradually divested its stake in Mazda 2008-2010, with Ford currently holds a 2.1% stake in Mazda in 2014 and decided that the most production and development relationship.

A partnership with the Ford Motor Company started because of financial difficulties Mazda during the 1960s. Started in 1979 with a 7 percent financial stake, Ford began a partnership with Mazda produces various joint projects. During the 1980s, Ford gained another 20 percent financial stake. This includes large and small efforts in all regions of the automotive landscape - especially in the realm of pickup trucks (such as the Mazda B-Series, which gave birth to the Ford Courier variant in North America in 1972) and a small car. For example, Platform Mazda Familia used for Ford models like the Laser and Escort, while the Capella architecture found its way into Ford Telstar sedan and Probe sports models. In 2002 Ford gained 5 percent additional financial stocks.

The Probe is built in a factory new Mazda company in Flat Rock, Michigan along with the mainstream 626 sedan (North American version of the Capella) and a companion Mazda MX-6 sports coupe. Ford also loaned Mazda some capacity when it is needed: the Mazda 121 sold in Europe and South Africa, for the time being, a variant of the Ford Fiesta built in plants in Europe and South Africa. Mazda is also making efforts in the past to sell some Ford cars in Japan, mainly through its Autorama dealer group.

Mazda also helped Ford develop the 1991 Explorer, which Mazda sold as the 2-door only Mazda Navajo from 1991 to 1994. Ironically, Mazda's version was unsuccessful, while the Ford (available from the start as a four-door or two-door model) instantly became the best selling sport-utility vehicles in the United States and continue titles for more than a decade. Mazda has used Ford Ranger pickup as the basis of the North American-market B-Series trucks, starting in 1994 and continuing until 2010, when his Mazda stopped importing B-Series trucks in North America, because of costs related to taxes chicken.

Mazda Millenia

After a long pull handle with alternative engine technologies, Mazda introduced the first Miller cycle engine for automotive use in the Millenia luxury sedan of 1995. Though the Millenia (and Miller-type V6 engine it) was discontinued in 2002, the company has recently introduced a Miller cycle four-cylinder engine that is smaller for use in its Demio starting in 2008. As the leadership in Wankel technology, Mazda remains (so far) only cars have been using Miller-cycle engine in the automotive realm.

2006 Mazda3

Further financial difficulties at Mazda during the 1990s (partly caused by losses associated with the Asian financial crisis of 1997) caused Ford to increase its stake to a controlling 33.4 percent in May 1996. In June 1996, Henry Wallace was appointed President, and he set about restructuring Mazda and setting the new strategic direction. He laid out a new direction for the brand, including design of the present Mazda marque; he put a new product plan to achieve synergies with Ford, and he launched Mazda digital innovation program to accelerate the development of new products. At the same time, he began to take control of overseas distributors, rationalized dealerships and manufacturing facilities, and driving much needed efficiencies and cost reductions in operations Mazda. A lot of preliminary work put Mazda back to profitability and lay the groundwork for future success. Wallace was replaced by James Miller in November 1997, followed in December 1999 by Ford executive Mark Fields, who has been credited with expanding the lineup of new Mazda products and lead changes during the early 2000s. Ford increased influence in the 1990s allowed Mazda to claim another distinction in history, having maintained the first foreign-born head of the Japanese car company, Henry Wallace.

2014 Mazda6

In the midst of the world financial crisis in the fall of 2008, there were reports that Ford has been contemplating the sale of its stake in Mazda as a way to streamline its asset base. BusinessWeek describes the alliance between Ford and Mazda has been a very successful one, with Mazda saving perhaps $ 90 million per year in development costs and Ford "several times" it, and that the sale of its stake in Mazda would be a desperate measure. On 18 November 2008, Ford announced that it would sell a 20% stake in Mazda, reducing its stake to 13.4% thus handed over the reins of the company, which is held since 1996. On the following day, Mazda announced that, as part of the deal, it bought back 6.8% of its shares of Ford for around US $ 185 million while the rest will be acquired by the company's business partners. He also reported that Hisakazu Imaki will resign as chief executive, to be replaced by Takashi Yamanouchi. On November 18, 2010, Ford reduced its stake further to 3%, citing a decrease in ownership will allow greater flexibility to pursue growth in emerging markets, and Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Group is believed to be the largest shareholder. Ford and Mazda remain strategic partners through joint ventures and exchange of technology information.
Post Partnership with Ford
Mazda Motor Corp. (7261) collected more than 150 billion yen (US $ 1.9 billion) in sales of stock footage to raise capital because of the biggest annual loss in 11 years, part of a resume used to build a car factory in Mexico. The Mexican plant built jointly by the company and Sumitomo Corp.

Marques

Japan's Mazda dealership in Saitama, Japan

Mazda Motors square symbol based Sumitomo family crest, and is an affiliated company of the Sumitomo Group

Autozam logo

Observe logo
Mazda had previously used a number of different marques in Japan (and occasionally Australia) markets, including Autozam, Eunos, and Ẽfini, which has since been removed. Motivation brought by the market competition from other Japanese auto businesses in offering vehicles in some Japanese dealer network offered by Toyota, Nissan, and Honda. Implementation of the Mazda brand diversification reflects Japanese engineering philosophy, called Kansei engineering, which is used as an advertising slogan in North America. This selective marketing experiment ended in the mid-1990s due to economic conditions, largely due to the collapse of Japan's asset price bubble in 1991.
This diversification emphasizes product development group in the past Mazda limit. Instead of having half a dozen variations on any given platform, developers are asked to work on dozens of different models and consumers are also confused with a similar explosion of new models. One of the most bizarre sub-Marques is M2, used on three rare variants of Eunos Roadster (which M2-1001, and M2-1028 M2-1002) and one Autozam AZ-1 (M2-1015). M2 even has its corporate headquarters avant-garde itself, but closed after a very short period of operation.
Today, the former Marques was no longer in Japan as a sales channel. The Carol was sold at Autozam store (which specializes in small cars), but now sold by Mazda marque, not as Autozam Carol as it used to.
At the beginning of 1992, Mazda plans to release a luxury marque, Amati, to challenge Acura, Infiniti, and Lexus in North America, which began selling in late 1993. The initial range will include Amati Amati 500 (which becomes Eunos 800 in Japan and Australia, Mazda Millenia in the US, and Mazda Xedos 9 in Europe), a rebadged version of the Mazda Cosmo and a Amati 1000 (rear-wheel drive V12 successor to Mazda Luce). The Amati marque finally canceled before the car hit the market. It is probably just curiosity, but "Observe" is an anagram of coincidence "Miata"
In Europe, Xedos name is also associated with Mazda Xedos 6, two models were in production from 1992 to 1997. Xedos line marketed under the Mazda marque, and used Mazda badge of the year accordingly.
Emblem
Year Symbol Description
1934-1936 first listed company logo, which appears in the three-wheeled trucks in 1936.
Branding 1936-1962 first style. Three mountains (representing Hiroshima) also form the Latin alphabet letter M, which is duplicated three times for "Mazda Motor Manufacturer". Representing the long side wing extensions for agility and speed.
1962-1975 Symbols and marks the company as seen on most cars Mazda from Mazda R360 until 1975
1975-1991 Between 1975 and 1991, Mazda does not have an official symbol, just a stylized version of his name; blue "m" before the symbol is still used in some dealerships until 1980, but then in a plain blue box next to the name Mazda often used on signs and documentation agent
1991-1992 In 1991, Mazda adopted the corporate symbol representing the sun and fire stand for genuine passion. It is often referred to in the Mazda enthusiast circles as "Cylon" logo
1992-1997 Shortly after the release of a new symbol, the design was smoothed to reduce its similarity to Renault. It is sometimes referred to as the "eternal flame" logo. It also represents the Mazda rotary engine designs are known for.
1997-Present A redesigned symbol introduced in 1997. It is a stylish, winged "M" is meant to show the Mazda stretch its wings for the future.
Leadership
• Jujiro Matsuda (1921-1951)
• Tsuneji Matsuda (1952-1970)
• Kouhei Matsuda (1970-1977)
• Yoshiki Yamasaki (1977-1984)
• Kenichi Yamamoto (1984-1987)
• Masanori Furuta (1987-1991)
• Yoshihiro Wada (1991-1996)
• Henry Wallace (1996-1997, appointed by the Ford Motor Company, the first non-Japanese CEO of the Japanese car)
• James E. Miller (1997-1999)
• Mark Fields (1999-2002)
• Lewis Booth (2002-2003)
• Hisakazu Imaki (2003-2008)
• Takashi Yamanouchi (2008-2013)
• Masamichi Kogai (2013-present)

 Environmental efforts
Mazda has been conducting research on hydrogen-powered vehicles for decades. Mazda has developed a hybrid version of the Premacy compact minivan version of the signature using a rotary engine capable of running on hydrogen or gasoline. Although plans to release it in 2008, as the year 2010 vehicles in a limited test.
In 2010, Toyota and Mazda announced an agreement to supply hybrid technology used in the Toyota Prius model.
Bio-Car
Mazda is to find a number of alternative uses for various materials and substances - ranging from plastic to milk - in the vehicle, as it aims to become more environmentally friendly. Mazda introduced several innovations this - internal console bioplastics and bio-fabric seats - in its Mazda5 models in EcoInnovasia 2008, at the Queen Sirikit National Convention Center in Bangkok. Up to 30% of the parts in the Mazda5 interior components made from non-biomaterials, such as Poti (gobar cow).
SkyActiv Technology
SkyActiv technology is the umbrella name for a range of technologies used in certain new Mazda vehicle. These vehicles include the Mazda2 / Demio, Mazda6 / Atenza, the CX-5 and 2014 Mazda 3. Together these technologies improve fuel economy to a level that is similar to a hybrid drivetrain. Engine output increases and reduced emission levels. This technology includes high compression ratio gasoline engine (13.0 to 1), reduced compression diesel engine (14.0 to 1) with a new two-stage turbocharger design, highly efficient automatic transmission, lighter weight manual transmission, lightweight body design and electric power steering. It is also possible to combine this technology with a hybrid drivetrain for the fuel economy greater.
Motorsport
In the world of racing, Mazda has been a great success with both signature Wankel-engine car (in two-rotor, three-rotor, and form four rotor) and piston-engine models. Mazda vehicles and engines compete in various disciplines and series around the world. More Mazdas ran every week than any other brand cars (most of this statement speaks to the success of the MX-5 / Miata and hugs widely by grass roots motor). In 2014, Mazda remains the only Japanese car to win the 24 hours of Le Mans overall.
International Competition
Mazda competition debut was on 20 October 1968 when two Mazda Cosmo Sport 110S coupes entered the 84 hour Marathon de la Route ultra-endurance race at the Nürburgring, one finishing in fourth place and others violated the shaft after 81 hours. The next year, Mazda ran Mazda Familia R100 M10A coupe. After winning the Singapore Grand Prix in April 1969 and came in fifth and sixth in the Spa 24 Hours (only lost Porsche 911s), on October 19, 1969, Mazda again entering the Nürburgring 84-hour race with four Familias. Only one of these was completed, took fifth place.
The first racing victory with a Wankel-engined cars in the United States was in 1973, when Pat Bedard won the IMSA RS race at Lime Rock Park in the Mazda RX-2.
In 1976, Ray Walle, owner of Z & W Mazda, riding Cosmo (Mazda RX-5) from a dealer in Princeton, New Jersey, to Daytona, won the Touring Class under 2.5 liters at the 24 Hours of Daytona, and drove back to New Jersey. Cosmo placed 18th overall in the field of 72. The only modification racing brake pads, exhaust, and safety equipment.
After the huge success of the Mazda RX-2 and the Mazda RX-3, the Mazda RX-7 has won more IMSA races in its class compared to other models of cars, with a hundredth victory on September 2, 1990. After that, the RX ₩ -7 class in the IMSA 24 Hours of Daytona race ten consecutive years, beginning in 1982. The RX-7 won the IMSA Grand Touring Under Two Liter (GTU) championship every year from 1980 to 1987, inclusive.

The Mazda 787B, winner of the 1991 24 Hours of Le Mans race
In 1991, four-rotor Mazda 787B (2622 cc in fact, judged by the FIA ​​Formula 4708 cc) won the 24 Hours of Le Mans car race directly. 787B remains unchallenged victory, because it is the only non-piston-engined car ever win at Le Mans, and Mazda is still the only Japanese marque has won overall at Le Mans - ironically after Nissan has closed its World Sportscar Championship Program and Toyota have choose to take time off for most of 1991 in order to develop its 3.5-liter TS010. This led to a ban on a rotary engine at Le Mans racing beginning in 1992, which has since been canceled. After the 1991 race, won openly engine disassembled for internal examination, which showed that although 24 hours is very difficult to use it to accumulate a bit of wear.
Le Mans win in 1991 was followed a decade of class wins from other Mazda prototypes, including 757 and 767. Sigma MC74 powered by Mazda 12A engine is the first machine and a team from outside Western Europe or the United States to complete the entire 24-hour race of Le Mans, in 1974. Mazda also the most reliable finisher at Le Mans (with the exception of Honda, which has been incorporated only three cars in one year), with 67% of entries finishing. Mazda will return to prototype racing in 2005 with the introduction of Courage C65 LMP2 car in the American Le Mans Series race at Road Atlanta. This prototype racers use of Wankel Renesis RX-8.
Mazda has also enjoyed great success in the World Land Speed ​​competition, SCCA competition, drag racing, rally pro competition (which Familia appeared in WRC several times during the late '80s and early' 90s), the One Lap of America race (won SUVs and trucks in MazdaSpeed5), and other places. Wankel engine has been banned for some time on the international Formula One racing, and also from the United States midget racing, after Gene Angelillo won the North East Midget Racing Association championship in 1985 with a car powered by the engine 13B, and again in 1986 in a car powered by 12A engine.
Spec series
The Cooper Tires Atlantic Championship powered by Mazda is the North American open wheel racing series. This is the peak level MAZDASPEED ladder, driver development program which rewards the winner of season one level with automatic vehicle at the next level. Since 2006, the Atlantic Championship has been run exclusively by Swift 016.a chassis powered by Cosworth MZR Mazda- 2,300 cc (2.3L) DOHC inline-four engine producing 300 bhp (224 kW). The cars are capable of speeds over 175 mph (282 km / h).
Formula Mazda Racing has an open-wheel race cars with Mazda engines, adapting to both oval tracks and road courses, at some level of competition. Since 1991, the professionals organized Star Mazda Series has become the most popular formats for sponsors, spectators, and upward bound drivers. This is the second highest level in the MAZDASPEED driver development ladder. Machines for the Star Mazda series all built by one engine builder, certified to produce the prescribed strength, and sealed to prevent tampering. They are in a relatively mild state of racing in tune, so they are very reliable and can go years between the motor rebuilt.
Spec Miata has become one of the class of road racing's most popular and most affordable in North America. The Spec Miata (SM) class is intended to provide an opportunity to compete in low-cost, production-based cars with limited modification, suitable for racing competition. Rules are deliberately designed to be more open than the Showroom Stock class but more limited than Improved Touring class.
Spec racing class club RX7 also popular mainly because of the availability of the first generation RX7 cars and low startup costs. Spec RX7 (SRX7) in some areas was recorded as one of the sports car class of the most cost effective.
Sponsor

Mazda headquarters in Fuchu, Hiroshima
Mazda is the main sponsor for several professional sports teams, including:
• Team Hometown:
o Sanfrecce Hiroshima (J. League): Originally known as Toyo Kogyo Football Club was founded in 1938, it is owned directly by Mazda until 1992 when Mazda reduced its stake to professionalize the J. League club to the new.
o Hiroshima Toyo Carp (Nippon Professional Baseball): The "Toyo" part of the team name is in honor of part-ownership of Mazda team since 1968 (when it was still known as the Mazda Toyo Kogyo). The Matsuda family, descendants of the founders of the Mazda, holds a majority stake in the ownership of the team.
• Tim abroad:
o North Melbourne Football Club (Australian Football League)
o ACF Fiorentina (Italian football league - Serie A)
o Nakhon Ratchasima (Thailand football league - Yamaha League 1)
The Company also sponsors a variety of marathon and relay events in Japan, such as the Hiroshima International Peace Marathon and Hiroshima Prefectural Ekiden Race, along with a wide range of sports and other charitable efforts in Hiroshima and Hofu. Mazda also sponsors the league for the now defunct Australian Rugby Championship.
Mazda also maintain sponsorship of the Laguna Seca race course in California, going so far as to use it for its own purposes as well as automotive testing various racing events (including some Mazda series special) that the host - as well as for the 2003 launch of the Mazda RX-8.
Mazda also sponsors the Western New York Flash, a professional women's football team playing in the WPA and has some of the best players in the world, including world player of the year.
Marketing
Mazda's advertising slogan past include: "The more you look, the more you like it" (1970s to early 1980s); "Mazda Experience" (mid-1980s); "A strong commitment to total satisfaction, that the Mazda Way" (end of 1980); "It Just Feels Right" along with ads depicting Mazda usage of Kansei engineering (1990-1995); "Passion for the road" (1996); "Come in. Be moved." (1997-1999)
Since 2000, Mazda has used the phrase "Zoom-Zoom" to describe what they call the "emotion of motion" which claims inherent in the car. Very successful and durable (when compared to other automotive marketing slogan), Zoom-Zoom campaign has now spread around the world from early use in North America.
Zoom-Zoom campaign has been accompanied by a "Zoom-Zoom-Zoom" song on many television and radio advertising. The original version, which is carried out by Jibril Serapis Bey (used in advertising in Europe, Japan and South Africa), was recorded long before it became the official song for Mazda as part of the soundtrack for the film Only The Strong (released in 1993). Serapis Bey is a cover version of the traditional Capoeira songs, called "Capoeira Mata Um". In 2010, the slogan now is "Zoom Zoom Forever". The longer a slogan (Used in TV ads) is "Zoom Zoom, Today, Tomorrow, Forever".
The initial ad campaign Zoom-Zoom also features a young boy (Micah Kanters) whispering "Zoom-Zoom" tagline.
Since 2011, Mazda is using the tagline Zoom-Zoom in another campaign called "What Do You Drive?". Punchline for this is "At Mazda, we believe because if it's not worth driving, it's not worth building. We built Mazdas. What do you drive?".


Article Source:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazda